This article describes a TDD (Test Driven Development) approach to implement a Finite State Machine (FSM) using PHP+Laravel. However, such method is general and could be used in the programming language of your choice.

Classes with a lot of lines of code are generally bad. Too many responsibilities, low cohesion, or both. However, sometimes it is not possible to make functions smaller. Reasons could be various. What can be done in this circumstance?

LaravelVisitor is a Visitor Design Pattern implementation for Laravel. It allows to easily execute processing of collections of arbitrary elements, without requiring to use repeated conditionals, thus improving code abstraction.

PHP 8.1 introduced the new Fiber class (see the proposed RFC here https://wiki.php.net/rfc/fiber), which allows running coroutines inside your script, i.e. two functions executing simultaneously